The Importance Of The American Dream - 1057 Words

â€Å"A recent poll showed that more than half of all people in this country today don’t believe that the American dream is alive. Fifty-nine percent of those polled in June agreed that â€Å"the American dream has become impossible for most people to achieve. More and more Americans believe there is â€Å"not much opportunity† to get ahead†(Alternet). Many adults of the middle and lower classes American population no longer the American dream is no longer attainable because most if not all of the key elements of the American dream are no longer attainable. With financial inequality being at such a high percentage and steadily rising most do not think they can get ahead. The American dream is only attainable today by the wealthy and is no longer†¦show more content†¦With this information, it proves that the American dream has long since been dead to most American families. Todays average middle-class American can no longer look forward to security in re tirement. â€Å"But Washington is just catching up to what too many Americans have already discovered the hard way: that the American dream of maintaining one’s standard of living in retirement after a lifetime of work — never a reality for millions of workers — is endangered for nearly all but the wealthiest among us†(Altman). The American dream should be able to be attained by all even if you have to work harder than others but it is just no longer possible for most. The truth is for many Americans reaching the retirement age is that if they want to maintain their style of living they will have to keep working. Without the constant income from their normal job or getting a part-time job after retirement they cannot live the way that they are now. â€Å"Almost 19 percent of people 65 or older were working at least part-time in the second quarter of 2017† (Sterman). Almost 20 percent of adults 65 years of age and older cannot enjoy the full benefit s of retirement that are 20 percent of people who are not achieving the American dream. This is, even more, proof that the American dream does not exist. 20 percent of Americans have to work a part-time job just to maintain their way of life therefor the American dream is dead. The American dream is not possible for mostShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of The American Dream918 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are some individuals who want the American dream, such as non-Americans. Even though immigrants essentially founded the American dream as the thirteen colonies expanded, current bans preventing entry from certain countries and regulations attempting to deport others seem to rip that dream out of their grasp. Contrary to popular beliefs, the American dream is not the white picket fence vision we were taught in high school history. Instead, the American dream is the desire to live comfortably withinRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1547 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream, an ideal first defined by James Truslow Adams in the 1931 novel Epic of America. Adams (1931) defined the dream as, The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone... (p. 214). The dream of our ancestors has not chan ged with the passage of time, but achieving the dream has become much more difficult for the average American. Reviewing data compiled the last few decades paints a bleak picture, wage disparities haveRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream918 Words   |  4 Pageswork through the American Dream, but for one American, Lilly Ledbetter, success has not always come that easily. While working for GoodYear, Ledbetter learned that she was earning less money than her male counterparts. In addition, she was being sexually harassed by her coworkers and punished with poor reviews when she did not comply with their suggestions. As a result, even though Ledbetter worked just as much, if not more, than her male co workers, she was not rewarded as the Dream promises. ThereRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1321 Words   |  6 PagesFormer First Lady, Michelle Obama, eloquently summarized the American Dream at the Democratic National Convention in 2012. â€Å"Barack knows the American Dream because hes lived it...and he wants everyone in this country to have that same opportunity, no matter who we are, or where were from, or what we look like, or who we love. And he believes that when youve worked hard, and done well, and walked through that doorway of opportunity...you do not slam it shut behind you...you reach back, and youRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream916 Words   |  4 Pages During the 21st century, there has been a realignment of both social classes and habits due to the events of the last 20 years that make the American dream of the second half of the 20th century impossible to attain. According to Dictionary.com, the American dream is the ideals of opportunity, freedoms, and equality for all Americans. The Am erican dream can no longer be attained for many reasons, but one big reason would be that people of this generation’s interests are not the same of those ofRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1363 Words   |  6 Pages its possible to achieve the American dream.† -Tommy Hilfiger. What is the American dream? How is it possible to achieve the American dream if there are large corporations ruining it for the companies trying to reach such dream? The American dream consists of the ideal that every US citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative. What about those who are starting a new business whose dream is to become a large organizationRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1231 Words   |  5 Pageswanted to be successful and powerful. The American Dream or the idea that everyone in the U.S. has an equal opportunity to succeed has been around since 1931. The problem with the American dream today is that in reality people don’t have the same opportunities as they used to. The American Dream may actually just be a dream with no real evidence to prove it’s true. Rana Foroohar, author of â€Å"What Ever Happened to Upward Mobility,† discusses why the American Dream isn’t the same as it used to be and howRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1732 Words   |  7 PagesTo achieve the American Dream, one must work hard and have the dedication to be successful. There are myths relating to this dream leaving lower class members to wonder if the dream exists for them. People in lower class are told if they want to be successful they must put in hard work and true effort. Once they do, they see that they are remaining in the same position they started in. In â€Å"Class of America-2012,† Gregory Mantsios states the ideas of class in the US and explains them. One myth addressedRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream77 3 Words   |  4 PagesThe American dream has changed drastically thru our history. Back in the 1950 and 1960 the American dream was to have the house with the white picket fence and the 2  ½ kids. Now the dream for a lot of people is to be able to pay their bills and maybe have enough money to go out for a nice little dinner that you did not have to cook yourself. The American dream is dead, it is because the concept has changed from the idea that everyone can improve their life through hard work to the idea that everyoneRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream, an ideal first defined by James Truslow Adams in the 1931 novel Epic of America. Adams (1931) defined the dream as, The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone... (p. 214). The dream of our ancestors has not changed with the passage of time, but achieving the dream has become much more difficult for the aver age American. Reviewing data compiled the last few decades paints a bleak picture, wage disparities have

The Compromise Of The Civil War - 972 Words

Without Compromise The issue with compromise is that it must give each party the sense they have won something or at least not suffer a total loss. Why then, did the Compromises of 1820 and 1850 not prevent the Civil War? Because neither set of laws directly addressed the right to own slaves. A country cannot have two sets of laws for two different regions. As we have seen with segregation and gay rights, deferring to states’ laws only works to delay addressing the issue at hand. While no one can say the Civil War was solely caused by the divisive issue of slavery, it is safe to say the North and South were polarized. The Civil War had to happen to force the country to stop compromising and declare a winner and a single set of rules to live by. In the beginning of the 19th century ,The United States was already equally divided between free states and slave holding states. The Compromise of 1820 was passed by Congress merely to keep The Union in equilibrium, not to resolve the issue of slavery. The 1820 Compromise created a line at 36’ 30’ latitude line that would determine a boundary for the Northern free and Southern slave holding states. This effectively permitted Missouri into The Union as a slave holding state and created Maine, from northern Massachusetts, as free state. Bringing the count of free and slave holding states to an even 24. As balance was struck it only stalled the issue and in 1854 the Kansas Nebraska Act, which asked the State to determine their stanceShow MoreRelatedThe Compromise Of The Civil War913 Words   |  4 Pagesto create a great compromise that would settle such issues. On January 29, 1850, Henry Clay has written a compromise and presented it to the Senate. The document consist ed of admitting California as a free-state, the formation of territorial governments, and the abolition of slavery. Instead of a peaceful settlement, the resolutions launched a raging debate for seven months. As time went by, there has been numerous of events and court cases that led to the Civil War. The Compromise of 1850 was justRead MoreThe Compromise Of 1850 During The Civil War925 Words   |  4 PagesThe Compromise of 1850 played an enormous event in the history of the United States. This compromise disabled an on-going political conflict between free and slave states. This conflict began during the Mexican-American war of 1846 and it regarded the amount of territories obtained. The Compromise of 1850 delayed the Civil War by establishing the Fugitive Slave Act, separating Texas Territory, banning slave trade in D.C., admitting California as a free state, and also by installing popular sovereigntyRead MoreHow Compromises Failed to Prevent the Civil War1726 Words   |  7 P agesnumerous compromises were proposed to ease the conflict. Such compromises included the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, and the Crittenden Compromise. These compromises had intentions of defining where slavery was permitted and clarifying states’ rights. They were only temporary fixes to a more pressing issue. Between the Missouri Compromise and the Crittenden Compromise, a series of events changed the political atmosphere of the United States and prevented any more compromises on the institutionRead MoreThe Missouri Compromise And Events Leading Up Of The Civil War Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe Missouri Compromise and events leading up to the Civil War were based mainly on slavery and the two conflicting viewpoints of the American people. The compromises involving slavery were only short-term solutions for a very long-term problem. The Civil War changed the foundation of America forever. The war was inevitable, and thus, the contrasting views between th e North and the South were bound to break out into warfare at some point. In February of 1819, Missouri applied for statehood in theRead MoreCompromise in the Pre-Civil War Era APUSH DBQ2135 Words   |  9 Pagesdeclaring its independence from Britain, America has developed on the foundation of compromise. Upon the drafting of the Constitution, the Founding Fathers were succumbed to compromise in order to incorporate the needs of the different parts of the nation. During the early eighteenth century, Americans achieved reconciliation of political disputes, predominately between the North and the South, through compromise. By 1860 this was no longer feasible and the nation was faced with disheartening threatsRead MoreBreak down of compromise between 1820 and 1860 leading to the civil war1471 Words   |  6 PagesHistory December 3, 2013 Analysis of the Compromise Breakdown from 1820 to 1860 Time periods of American history are analyzed closely to the extent that it is essential to understand the motives and basis for future events and to recognize social patterns. Among events that have affected the United States, immigrations, wars and political dispute are three of the chief categories that most directly affect the state of the nation as well as each other. The war class has been easily liked to both politicalRead MoreWhy the compromises from 1846~1861 failed to prevent the Civil War1133 Words   |  5 PagesThe compromises from 1846 to 1861 were, by their intentions, to postpone the struggle between the north and the south temporarily but not to solve it. The foundational problems, like the the slavery itself, the differences in social structure and economic system and the expansion of slavery, were left. The increasing struggle between the abolitionists and slave owners and between the newly formed Republican Party and the Democratic Party kept putting those ques tions in front of the US people. TheRead MoreEssay about An Inside Look at the American Civil War999 Words   |  4 PagesA civil war is a war between citizens of the same country. From 1861 to 1865, America was fighting its own civil war. The American Civil War began when several Southern slave states declared their secession. When they seceded, they formed the Confederate States of America which was also known as the confederacy. The states remaining were known as the Union. Before the Civil War, slaves were treated unfairly, like property, rather than people. One court case that proves this is the 1857 court caseRead MoreThe American Civil War962 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War was one of the most devastating wars in America’s history. The war did not only divide the country, but it also divided families. There were a lot of things that led to the Civil War but, I believe the primary source of the North/South conflict that led to the Civil War was the issue o ver Free states vs. Slave states. The three political acts that helped this source of conflict led to the Civil War was The Missouri Compromise, The Compromise of 1850, and The Kansas-NebraskaRead MoreThe American Civil War1418 Words   |  6 PagesGuns fired, smoke lingering in the air, people dying. The American Civil War had a huge impact on the United States. Two compromises took place before the start of the Civil War. These compromises include the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The Missouri Compromise dealt with the crisis in 1819 over Missouri entering the Union as a slave state. The compromise was â€Å"the first major crisis over slavery, and it shattered a tacit agreement between the two regions that had been in place

Psilocybin Mushrooms are an example of a hallucino Essay Example For Students

Psilocybin Mushrooms are an example of a hallucino Essay gen. They were originally used during religious ceremonies of ancient indian tribes. This was done to expand their minds. Today, you could say that mushrooms are used to expand peoples minds, but definitely in a different way. There are many effects of using Psilocybin Mushrooms. Some are positive and some are negative. Also, the effects that psilocybin have on a person depends on how much they have had. There are quite a few minor effects on a person when taking a small dose of psilocybin (.25grams 1.5 grams). They are things such as fatigue, nausea, slight cold feeling, feeling of physical heaviness of conversely lightness, mental and physical relaxation, slight pupil dilation, nervous feeling, and giddiness. Some of these effects are desired effects, but not a whole lot of them. How many people really love to get nauseated. I sure dont like to have that feeling. Some of these things are not such a big deal either. This is because it is such a small dose. However, it is still abusing your body, and your bodys functions. Besides all that, there are also legal consequences. When someone takes Psilocybin Mushrooms in a medium size dose (1.25 grams 4.0 grams), there are effects that are a little more serious than taking psilocybin in a small amount. These effects are things such as open-eye visual effects, lights gain auras, star-pattern effects, rainbowing around lighting, increased peripheral vision, sometimes either increased or decreased ability to focus, and other visions. These are very typical effects of a hallucinogen. These desired effects can sometimes cause long term brain damage if used to much. At a medium or high dose level the effects can be seriously harmful in the long-run. However, the dosage does not always have to be large. Psilocybin causes different levels of effects for different people, even at the same dosage. At a high dose level, psilocybin mushrooms have even more serious effects. The effects of high dosage are the same as the effects of medium dosage, but in a greater abundance. The effects of high dosage are much more seriou s than medium dosage, even though they are the same things. There are also effects that are positive, but not many. The only positive effect that is possible is the high that you experience. You will hallucinate while you are on psilocybin mushrooms, but all of the negative effects will happen as well. Also, the hallucinating could be a negative effect depending on the situation. As described, psilocybin mushrooms have many different effects, most of which are negative. They make you hallucinate, which is the desired effect. They can also cause permanent brain damage. When you take psilocybin you are at a very high risk, because different doses cause different problems depending on the person. A low dosage could kill you the first time you ever take it.

In The Article “Half A defense Of Positive Accounting Research”

Question: Discuss In The Article Half A Defence Of Positive Accounting Research ? Answer: Introduction The main aim of the present assignment is in providing a detailed analysis on the chosen article that is Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research (Dunmore, 2011). With the help of this assignment, the researcher Paul V Dunmore has given particular emphasis on the process of positive accounting in order to form a casual description of the human behavior in the process of positive accounting. In addition, the current research program is a useful tool to address different kinds of deficiencies in the process of positive accounting (Apostolou et al., 2013). The current research program has been successful to bring the most inherent complexities in the process of positive accounting. In this article, Paul V Dunmore has been highly involved in the process of detecting the positive and negative aspects of the process of positive accounting. Two of the major factors that Paul V Dunmore has emphasized on in the article are epistemology and ontology. The selected article of Paul V Dunmor e has been successful to conduct a critique review on the process of positive accounting and has helped to spot the different kinds of loopholes in positive accounting. All these steps of Paul V Dunmore have been successful to derive an appropriate conclusion of the research program. Apart from all these, the research program has been an importunate tool to identify the required hypothesis for the research. Lastly, the theoretical framework of the research has provided a positive insight on the article (Apostolou et al., 2015). Summary of the Article In the article named Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research, the main subject of investigation of Paul V Dunmore is the positive approach in the process of accounting with the help of different kinds of research programs. As opined by Jones, (2015), the process of positive accounting has many links with different kinds of wider intellectual projects about scientific researches as the major aim is to analyze the cause and effects of positive accounting. With the selection of the given research article, Paul V Dunmore has taken an attempt to address the deficiencies in the process of positive accounting research. The selected article has a positive relationship with different kinds of auditing literatures. The research shows that despite of the presence of various loopholes in the process of positive accounting, it is still widely used to achieve many scientific goals in the accounting profession (Dyckman Zeff, 2014). As per the description of Kuhn, there is positive relation between normal science and positive accounting as normal science well suits with the process of positive accounting. According to Paul V Dunmore, in order to measure the accuracy of any provided accounting theory, the process of accounting induction is not necessary. In other words, the selected article of the research has been helpful to review the falsification in the process of positive accounting. In this article, Paul V Dunmore has used four classes of description; they are relative theory inefficiency, internal effect, external effect and the measurement of errors. One of the major aims of this article is to discuss the limitation of the testing of research hypothesis along with to provide appropriate logic of the hypothesis. In the process of the research, the author, Paul V Dunmore realizes that there is a strong need for the development of effective procedure for measurement in the process of positive accounting (Mil ler Power, 2013). Research Hypothesis In order to examine the validity of the research process of positive accounting, there has to be the presence of research hypothesis. The research hypothesis for this article is shown below: H0: One can see the existence of an universe beyond the imagination of everyone. H1: There is a particular reason behind the occurrence of every incident and they all are the part of the universe. H2: With the assistance of vigilant observation, an individual can get the necessary information about every global event. H3: The major intention of the intellectual property is to utilize various kinds of observation in order to gain the global understanding. With the help of different instances in the process of positive accounting, one can test the first hypothesis. It is necessary to discuss the scientific epistemology and ontology with relation to the positive accounting in order to test the second hypothesis. For this purpose, it is necessary to advocate different kinds of random events from the outside of the universe. In order to test the third hypothesis, Paul V Dunmore has taken the way to discuss the process of falsification in the process of testing the hypothesis. Apart from all these, for the purpose of the research process, it is needed scrutiny different kinds of fact in order to develop the preliminary ideas. Hence, it is essential for the anticipants to consider all the new and old theories regarding positive accounting. Theoretical Framework For meeting the objectives of this research, Paul V Dunmore has used different kinds of theoretical frameworks. The theoretical frameworks of this article are discussed below: Instances of Positive Research in Accounting According to Paul V Dunmore, the balanced self-interest operations use to take place between the parties based on the outcome of the accounting phenomena; the accounting phenomena is implied with the help of contracting of various types of business organizations. Apart from this, these accounting phenomena use to cover different kinds of accounting choices as these accounting choices help the organizational managers in the preparation of financial report and the in the process of financial decision-making (Edwards, 2014). As per this article, the individual auditors are considered as financial decision-maker based on their examined audit report. In this regard, one of the most important factors is that in order to take the investment decisions, the investors need to select the type of investment information that is going to help them in future. It can be seen that the nature of human behavior in the process of positive accounting is not included in this article (Harris Durden, 2012) . On the other hand, as per the viewpoint of most of the auditors, the process of accounting standard setting can be happened in the absence of the effects of human behavior in the positive accounting. Various instances where one can find that the process of positive accounting research is larger and wider than the theory of positive accounting (Lee, 2013). It is the natural intention of any research to gain appropriate insight on the accounting phenomena of positive accounting research process. It can be done with the help of various kinds of scientific accounting research processes. From the above analysis, it can be said that better and effective accounting tools are needed I order to increase the quality of the process of financial decision-making (Barge-Gil Lpez, 2014). Epistemology and Ontology As per the statement of Paul V Dunmore, epistemology is considered as a major scientific field; in this scientific field, most of the individuals aim to explain various kinds of approaches in order to gain knowledge and ideas about the whole world (Richardson, 2012). On the other hand, ontology is the process to provide explanation of various kinds of activities and to provide answers of different kinds of questions (Hoque, Covaleski N. Gooneratne, 2013). The process of the development of nature of the human agencies is to take different kinds of roles that are closely associated with earth. In this regard, it needs to be noted that an individual cannot observe earth as devoid of different experiences. In the aspect of both epistemology and ontology, complexities can take place as the main objective is to gain proper knowledge about all the information about the accounting phenomena. Various kinds of problems are associated with positive research; the reason is that positive research aims to explore and experience the underlying meanings and reasons. Various research streams can be seen with diverse range of objectives existing in the mentioned period. Other issues are there relating to the agencies. This process has its own reasons. Two of the major reasons are that human beings use to pose their own will and their various kinds of actions are responsible for the causes. The scientific theory does not have any explanation about these agency problems (Bhaskar, 2013). For the purpose of this research process, it is essential to describe trends in the behaviors of the accountants and the auditors as it has been seen that they use to behave in a particular given manner. This aspects results in the generation of various behavior causes; these causes cannot be identified in the objective world. Need for an Effective Positive Research Program As per the above analysis, it can be seen that some major problems are associated with positive accounting research. It can be felt that there is a need for the development of effective research programs to address the earlier discussed research problems (Jacobs, 2012). From the provided article, it can be understood that stringent testing procedures are needed in order to test the vulnerable testing models in positive accounting so that the measurements variables can be taken into consideration. In addition, there is a strong need for effective analytical models that are needed for the purpose of testing and formation of various analytical models. In order to implement analytical models in the process of positive accounting, the field preoccupation is needed to consider necessarily where tractability turns to plausibility. Paul V Dunmore has suggested that there is a strong need for measurement procedures apart from the procedures of testing. At the time of the research, a sense of biasness has been noted in the process of publication and against the accounting dimensions. This particular biasness is one of the reasons that contribute to the shortage of resources in the process of positive accounting (Posavac, 2015). Significance and Limitations of the Article At the time of the evaluation of this article, a broad gap has been found among the latest practices of the process of positive accounting. In addition, the evaluation of the article has been successful to make one feel the need for a relevant and significant contribution in the field of accounting intellectual programs. It can be seen that there is an absence of optimization of system that is important for the rectification of mistakes. Another major aim of this article is to provide deep insight in the process of scientific research. The research has helped to identify the need for better accounting theoretical model. The provided article has several limitations. Among them, one of the major limitations is that this article did not include the awareness of human behavior in the process of positive accounting. The lack of collection of real life data from trusted sources is the reason of this. On the other hand, the article has a lack of data and information from primary as well as secondary sources. For this reason, Paul V Dunmore had to depend on the opinions of the others authors. For this reason, the qualitative aspect of the research is not properly addressed. This is considered as one of the major concepts as it helps to determine the future growth of the organizations. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the main aim of this article is to evaluate the concepts of epistemology and ontology in the aspect of positive accounting. It can be seen that there are certain loopholes in the process of positive accounting. However, with the help of proper strategies, these loopholes can be eradicated. As per the recommendation of the Paul V Dunmore, some of the theoretical models used in the article need formulation and for this purpose, better accounting tool is required. As per the suggestion, various kinds of measurement tools are required to be implemented after proper explanation. It needs to be noted the behavior of human being is one of the major aspects of the process of positive accounting. For this purpose, it is needed to take into consideration the qualitative aspects of positive accounting in order to predict the future growth of the business organizations. Apart from this, a minimum amount of modification is needed in the process of positive accounting. References Apostolou, B., Dorminey, J. W., Hassell, J. M., Rebele, J. E. (2015). Accounting education literature review (20132014).Journal of Accounting Education,33(2), 69-127. Apostolou, B., Dorminey, J. W., Hassell, J. M., Watson, S. F. (2013). Accounting education literature review (20102012).Journal of Accounting Education,31(2), 107-161. Barge-Gil, A., Lpez, A. (2014). RD Determinants: accounting for the differences between research and development.research Policy,43(9), 1634-1648. Bhaskar, R. (2013).A realist theory of science. Routledge. Dyckman, T. R., Zeff, S. A. (2014). Some methodological deficiencies in empirical research articles in accounting.Accounting Horizons,28(3), 695-712. Edwards, J. R. (2014).Twentieth Century Accounting Thinkers (RLE Accounting). Routledge. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. (2017).sydney.edu.au. Retrieved 26 April 2017, from https://sydney.edu.au/business/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/59988/Paul_Dunmore_MEAFA_2010.pdf Harris, J., Durden, C. (2012). Management accounting research: An analysis of recent themes and directions for the future.Journal of Applied Management Accounting Research,10(2), 21. Hoque, Z., A. Covaleski, M., N. Gooneratne, T. (2013). Theoretical triangulation and pluralism in research methods in organizational and accounting research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,26(7), 1170-1198. Jacobs, K. (2012). Making sense of social practice: theoretical pluralism in public sector accounting research.Financial Accountability Management,28(1), 1-25. Lee, T. A. (2013). Reflections on the origins of modern accounting.Accounting History,18(2), 141-161. Miller, P., Power, M. (2013). Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory.Academy of Management Annals,7(1), 557-605. Posavac, E. (2015).Program evaluation: Methods and case studies. Routledge. Richardson, A. J. (2012). Paradigms, theory and management accounting practice: A comment on Parker (forthcoming)Qualitative management accounting research: Assessing deliverables and relevance.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,23(1), 83-88.

Ares God Essays - War Gods, God Of War, Ares, Phobos, Zeus, Hera

Ares God My report is on Ares. He is the god of war and violence and in Norse mythology he was the god of war, violence, and justice. He was the son of Zeus and Hera. His weapon of choice was a spear because it was magical. The magical part of it was he could summon it by call it and the other part of it was if it targeted some one it followed it until it killed it. Among the deities associated with Ares were his consort, Aphrodite, goddess of love, and such minor deities as Deimos (Fear) and Phobos (Rout), who accompanied him in battle. The Roman god Mars, with whom Ares was identified, was the father of Romulus and Remus, the mythological founders of Rome. Thus he was more important to the Romans than his Greek counterpart. He was also more dignified. It was said that his throne on mount Olympus was covered in human skin. He was not immortal he could be killed by a human. Most gods, Romans, and Greeks hated him. Though an immortal deity, he was bested by Hercules in battle and was almost ki lled when stuffed into a jar by two giants. When he was fighting on the side of the Trojans Pallas Athene wounded him. She put on the helm of Death and, after bending his spear, hurled a bolder at him, knocking him down senseless, he received scant sympathy from his father Zeus. The worship of Ares, believed to have originated in Thrace, was not extensive in ancient Greece, and where it existed, it lacked social or moral significance. Ares was an ancestral deity of Thebes and had a temple at Athens, at the foot of the Areopagus, or Hill of Ares. Once he was caught cheating with Aphrodite and was hung in a net for all the gods to see and laugh at them. He is like a big bully because Ares often picked on the humans and little guys. To commemorate his victory over the assasins of Julius Caesar in 42BC, Emperor Augustus honored Ares with the cult title Ultor (Avenger) and a new temple. Most hateful to me are you of all gods on Olympus, forever is strife dear to you and wars and fighting .* He often carried a bloodstained spear. He had over 20 different mates and 30 children. It was said that he always used a heavy set of armor, which had a helm, Breastplate, spear, and some times and shield. Zeus admitted he hated Areas for his violence and aggression Athene was the goddess of war and was a half sister to Ares. Athene thought Ares' behavior was just disgraceful. Ares wasn't the most successful warrior. He was also thought of as a coward and sometimes a clumsy fighter. Troy, son of Ares, killed his father, not in a battle, but with his own cleverness. When Ares heard the clashing of arms, he grinned with glee, put on his gleaming helmet, and leapt into his war chariot. Brandishing his sword, he rushed into the thick of battle, not caring that won or lost as long as blood was shed. A vicious crowd followed at his heels, carrying with them Pain, Panic, Famine and Oblivion. Once in a while, Ares was wounded. He was immortal but whenever he would get hurt he would run b ack to his father, Zeus healed. Needless to say, Zeus was very disgusted with his son. Ares was mainly worshipped in Thracia, a region known for its fierce people. In some stories, it was his sister that sparked the Trojan War, for she created the golden apple engraved to the most beautiful goddess and gave it to the unsuspecting Paris. His son killed him by cleverness. He was like Zeus because he had reproduced from women and left her. It is said that when took a bath that he took it in blood. His mom and dad did not like him because he tried to kill them to gain power and they did not like how he killed every one. Some people still believe in him and think the he will grant a wish of revenge that if you want revenge just say

Adam Paper 4 Advocate

Adam Paper 4 Advocate Adam Paper 4 Advocate Protect Yourself, Protect Your Rights: Keep a Gun Close By Adam Com 101-201 Persuasive Essay 23 September 2014 Should Americans have the right to own a gun? The second amendment says so! One should be able to practice the second amendment, participate in gun recreation and most importantly protect oneself. America should be able to exercise their constitutional right to own a gun. Laws placing restrictions on firearm ownership and use do not necessarily stop the crime or protect individuals. Turn on the news right now. Americans are inundated with examples every day about innocent citizens that fall victim to a gunshot wound because they were unarmed and not able to defend themselves. Additionally, owning a gun gives Americans the choice to engage in recreational activities such as hunting, target shooting, or gun collecting. Is it fair that a father cannot provide a meal for his family or enjoy a hunting trip with his children? Gun ownership also gives Americans the ability to protect themselves and their precious loved ones from falling victims of heinous crimes. One posse sses a gun for the purpose of self-defense. The right to bear arms is a crucial element of belonging to the United States of America. Putting more guns into the hands of law abiding Americans because the government gives citizens that right, prevents citizens from being victims and gives them the freedom to participate in gun recreational sports or activities of their choice. The United States of America’s second amendment guaranteeing citizen’s rights to legally bear arms, must not be infringed. The second amendment is no different than any of the other protections listed in the bill of rights. Citizens should not need a government issued consent form rather, they should be able to carry a gun as a matter of right. As Thomas Jefferson wrote to his nephew Peter Carr in 1785, â€Å"A strong body makes the mind strong. As to the species of exercises, I advise the gun. While this gives a moderate exercise to the body, it gives boldness, enterprise, and independence to the mind†¦.† (Ablow). Establishing freedoms was so important to the forefathers, that they were willing to fight and give their lives while preserving those Kanoski 2 constitutional rights. According to Bruce Parker, â€Å"In an apparent violation of the second amendment a growing number of states are on track to end federal gun control once and for all† (Parker). Parker, a graduate of Louisiana State University, has specialized in business and state laws for fifteen years. The state of Kansas felt maintaining the second amendment right to bear arms was so important, that on April 16, 2013, Kansas Gov. Sam Brownback signed SB102 making Kansas the first state to outlaw federal gun control. The bill, titled â€Å"The Second Amendment Protection Act,† declared federal gun regulations â€Å"void and unenforceable in the state,† and it prohibited state and local officials from enforcing any law, order, or treaty of the United States with regard to guns and ammunition† (Parker). Subsequently, states across the country stood by Kanas by advancing their own versions of the Second Amendment Protection Act. According to StandWithKansas, a grassroots website that tracks the push by states to end federal gun control, approximately 30 states introduced versions of the Second Amendment Protection Act in 2013. The model bill listed on the site - which was formulated by the Tenth Amendment Center, a group of lawyers who advocate for protecting all constitutional rights, and subsequently endorsed by Gun Owners of America - prohibits state officials and agencies from enforcing federal gun control regulations (Parker). The 2014 legislative branches of Ohio, Virginia, and Missouri also filed Second Amendment Protection Acts that would ban state implementation of

Logic and thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Logic and thought - Essay Example Astrologers try to justify their beliefs by claiming that their work is based on science, but science is based on fact while astrology is not. Statistical studies can give support to the claims of astrology, but this is impossible in this case because astrology cannot be measured. 2 line A: Since the middle of the twentieth century, countless scientific studies that have ultimately supported the basic principles of astrology have been conducted. B: Michel Gauquelin, a noted French statistician, spent much of his life using statistical methods to investigate astrology; he established the truth of a number of claims, including the Mars effect, which proved a relationship between the planet Mars and outstanding athletes. †¢ Astrology needs to be taken more seriously as an art and science that can contribute to human well-being. This argument is incorrect because it cannot be proven 100 percent that scientific studies support the views of astrology. The fallacy for this argument is a genetic fallacy. For the French statistician, he cannot prove his theory of the Mars effect because other factors may have influenced the results. Astrology is linked with destiny, personality, human affairs, and natural events.

1. Explain what the terms correlations AND confounding variables mean Essay

1. Explain what the terms correlations AND confounding variables mean (in your own words, and cite the source) - Essay Example The article on Obesity in Latino Children seeks to identify factors that can be associated with overweight and obesity observed in Latino children (Kornides, Kitsantas, Yang & Villarruel, 2011). The study exhibited both correlations and confounding factors. Correlation in research study implies the characteristic relationship between the variables treated in the study. Specifically, correlation between variables implies that a change in one variable is accompanied by a change in another variable as a result of the first change (Kornides, Kitsantas, Yang & Villarruel, 2011). In other words, with one or more variables whose change induces change in another variable or variables, all the variables involved are said to be correlated. The study presented in the article seeks to identify factors that are primarily associated with obesity and overweight scenarios observed in Latino children. The study takes into account what other literatures have said about the issue and critiques the information contained therein. The study also identifies research loopholes in the literatures considered in line with the current trends in the issue around the time the study was conducted in the year 2011. Challenges that characterized the study are highlighted and future research propositions made on the subject matter of the study. Research studies also employ confounding variables to aid the treatment of objectives and hypothesis being examined. Confounding variables are research aiding tools that are crucial in the examination of the topic of study, but are relatively hard to measure or account for in the research undertaking (Kornides, Kitsantas, Yang & Villarruel, 2011). In other words, they are crucial aiding variables in a study in that they complement the dependent and independent research variables. Although confounding variables are not directly examined in the study, they enhance the inferences made by backing up the primary

Visual Arts - Charlie Chaplin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual Arts - Charlie Chaplin - Research Paper Example One of such icon was Charlie Chaplin. He was one of icon that revolutionized this industry in the 20th century until his death. This paper seeks to discuss Charlie Chaplin and his life. The original homeland of Charlie Spencer Chaplin was London. He was born on 16 April 1889. His father was a vocalist and an actor. Additionally, his mother was a beautiful actor and singer; she was famous during this period. Initially his father used to support his family but later he started engaging in drinking spree, and this affected the family for a long time. This was further compounded by his mother ailing health. His father died later due to the effects of over drinking. As a result, Charlie Chaplin and his brother took care of each other during their childhood period. Sydney was the one who took care to his little brother in his lifetime. Their family was ravaged by poverty, and this forced them to spend life in workhouses at their tender age. Whatever they got, they used to support their mot her. Sydney was later sent to training ship known as Exmouth and acted as a steward in shipping expeditions (Milton 8-17). On his return home in 1903, he became ill. Later he found his mother in a mental hospital while his brother had been reduced to a destitute. However, they had inherited talents from their parents and this facilitated heir entry into the stage performance. This made them turn to the theater to change their lives. Charlie entry to stage performance was through the young kids group known as â€Å"The Eight Lancashire Lads† (Burt 71). This stage performance made him popular and a famous tap dancer. Chaplin career extended for a long period. At the age of twelve, he got a chance to act in a legitimate stage show. In the show, he took the role of â€Å"Billy† the pageboy. At the end of this show, he took started acting as a comedian. Eventually, he went to United States in 1910 with the assistance of Fred Karno Reportoire Company. â€Å"A Night in an En glish Music Hall† gave him fame in American audiences (Edna Purviance Web). On return of Fred Karno Troupe to America, he was offered a motion picture contract. In 1913, he agreed to appear before camera upon expiry of his Vaudeville commitments. His success attracted attention of other producers. Upon expiry of his contract, he joined Essanay Company in 1915 (Parish 210-215). Finally, he joined Mutual Film Corporation before he became an independent producer. After gaining independence, he got his own studio located at La Brea Avenue in Hollywood. In 1918, he entered into union with First National Exhibitors due to his pictures. This was a cornerstone for his success in the future. Chaplin had several lovers. Chaplin was married at a young age. His first wife was Midred Harris an actor whom he married in 1918 (Parish 215). Their first child only lasted for three days. However, they later divorced in 1920. He married Lita Grey later. She was involved in various films such as, The Kid, The Gold Rush. She later fell in love with Charlie and became pregnant. They had two children, but later separated in a court case. Lita went on with her life coupled with alcoholism abuse. His third marriage was with Paulette Goddard, which lasted for six years. She acted in Modern Times and The Great Dictator. However, they divorced on common terms. The last marriage was with Oona O’Neill in 1943 (Edna Purviance Web). Though she was much younger than Charlie was, their marriage was for

Puumala Virus (PUUV) Genome Analysis

Puumala Virus (PUUV) Genome Analysis HANTAVIRUS PAPER REVIEW Summary A key concern of any viral vaccine research is the tremendous genetic diversity of the virus Hantaviruses are etiological agents generally known to cause two distinct human diseases: kidney affecting disease and heart affecting disease, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) sometimes called Nephropaphia epidemica (NE) in Eurasia and Americas hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) respectively. These viruses are heterologous (heterologous transmission from animals to humans (zoonosis)) which belong to the hantavirus genus, family Bunyavidae normally they make up four genera Hantavirus, Orthobunyavirus,   Nairovirus, Phlebovirus and Tospovirus. The genome of hantaviruses consist of three segments which are negative-strand of RNA, small (S) 1821-1830 nucleotides (nt), medium (M) 3682 nt and large (L) 6530-6562 nt encoding for nucleocapsid (N) protein, glycoprotein molecule (GPC) Gn, Gc proteins   and RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, respectively. This study characterises the full genome of a Russian hantavirus discovered both in infected humans and small animals, Puumala virus (PUUV). PUUV is considered a prime etiological agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome sometimes referred to nephropaphia epidemica in Russia and Eurasia. Mostly, all hantavirus diseases in human have a fatality rate ranging from mild to severe with an intriguingly percentage rate from 0.1% up to 50%,   the symptom outcome of the disease   heavily depend on the geographic location of an infected person. Precisely, in the republic of Tatarstan, Russia the strain of Puumala virus has shown significance increase as human pathogens resulting to the acquiring of the status as emerging virus. PUUV in the republic of Tatarstan, Russia, has become a serious life-threatening hantavirus causing HFRS with high fatality rate of up to 12%, especially in the Volga region. The spectrum of illnesses caused by hantaviruses varies with the particular virus involved(Hantavirus infection: a global zoonotic challenge paper). It is reported that the high peak of Puumala virus comes with the high agricultural activities of this region during of which Bank vole mouse (Clethrionomys glareolus) the etiological agent of HFRS rapidly multiply. Normally, hantavirus, Puumala virus (PUUV) is transmitted to human by coming into contact with contaminated materials like faecal matter, blood dropped by an infected rodent and through aerosolised contaminated air and by bite of a carrier infected rodent. In the case of the strain of Puumala virus in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, the strain is dropped by notorious reservoir rodent specie found in the surrounding environment either near homes or in the fields, Bank vole mouse (Clethrionomys glareolus). It has to be noted here that most hantaviruses are transmitted to human by small animals themselves with an exceptional of Andes virus which can be transmitted from human to human. In South America the case of Andes virus has been reported to be transmitted from human to human. Intriguingly, other species of hantaviruses, Dobrava-belgrade (DOBV) virus with its sub-species isolated in Europe, and Tula virus (TULV) are seriously detected and isolated in Russian and know to cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and in Europe the syndrome is called Nephropaphia epidemica. Dobrava-belgrade is known to be associated with yellow naked-mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) this specie is the most life-threatening hantavirus. Other dobrava-belgrade species, DOBV-Af, DOBV-Aa and DOBV-Ap are associated with A. flavicollis (Af), A. agrarious (Aa) and A. ponticus (Ap) respectively. All these species cause HFRS from mild to severe mode of disease. PUUV form distinct phylogenetic leanage, in line with the natural host, bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). The strain of Puumala virus is heavily isolated in Ufa, Samara,..parts of Russia both in human and small animals, in human as they thrive causing the dangerous form of human disease, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) Introduction Hantaviruses If you hear a feminine voice thinks of a beautiful lady, what if this time the feminine voice is of a man [1]. Hantaviruses have been limited to the genus hantavirus under bunyaviridae family which give rise to several number of species viruses Puumala virus (PUUV) [2], Dobrava virus (DOBV), Tula Virus, puumala virus (PUUV) Saaremaa virus (SAAV), and Seoul virus (SEOV) are commonly know hantaviruses to be circulating in Europe and Russia [3-5]. However, the agent rodents Hantaviruses are morphologically classified as follows; order rodential, families crecitidae and muridae. Its now a known fact that rodents are not the only hantavirus reservoirs. Researchers have found hantaviruses insects which belong to the lipotyphra order, soriciodae familys and Talpidae[6]. Further, with the recently isolated Bat-borne Hantavirus in China, laibin virus ( LBV) chyroptera order has given a strong predictive assumption that hanataviruses could be found in other animals like cow, [6]. The black bea rd tomb bat hantaviruses isolated in china gave a discrete relation to the previously known hantaviruses. Heavily depending on the geographical location of an infected person, the outcomes of hantavirus infection are well classified human diseases: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) sometimes referred to nephropathia epidemical mostly in Eurasia and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) normally called hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas [7] (dissertation Nina Luteka 2010). [1] As the onset of the diseases advances the changes in the vascular permeability is highly noticed, defects in platelet function and acute thrombocytopenia intrinsically can also be observed which is associated with high fever and hemorrhage. However, with the global health threat of hantavirus it has triggered serious research mainly focusing on the vulnerability of the endothelial cells when attacked by hantaviruses. Needless to say, less viral cytopathic effect is observed on the endothelial cells after hantavirus infection. (dissertation Nina Luteka 2010). The mechanism underlying these drastically changes in platelet as the pathogen advances drastically pooling down the immune system and how the hantaviruses trigger interference in the immune system greatly remain futile and poorly understood. hantaviruses have been discovered in insects which acts as the host vector (HO2), hantaviruses in the reservoirs cause asymptomatic completely they do not show any symptom in the natural host. We characterized genome of puumala virus discovered both in human and rodents Diseases Hantaviruses are zoonotic viruses that infect human through rodents contact; in rodents they dont cause diseases but when human come into contact with infected rodent through smelling the excretes or inhalation of infected hair from the rodents induces human diseases known as; Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome found in Europe, the agent viruses for this disease are: Dobrava virus (DOBV)-Belgrade, Puumala, Saaremaa, Sochi, and Seoul virus which is recently reported [8],these viruses are considered to be old world viruses, Bulgaria is one of the country were Hemorrhagic with renal syndrome is endemic but the virus has never been found in the natural rodent reservoir [8] however, Eastern Russia, Korea and China has the highest cases of HFRS caused by HTNV, SEOV, and ASV. Nephropathia epidemical diseases, a rodent disease found in human who gets infected after coming in contact with infected rodents and this disease has the symptoms of the hemorrhageic fever with renal syndrome which makes it to be referred to as same as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome [2] has continued to be life threatening in the republic of Tatarstan since its first identified in 1997. Epidemiological study on Nephropathia epidemical between 1997 and 2013 in the republic of Tatarstan, Russia gives an account that NE mostly affect male adults due to the agricultural activities during which myodes graleorus (bank vole) the natural reservoir of NE causing agents population increases [9]. It is revealed that the higher epidemic of hantaviruses in the Republic of Tatarstan is due to the supportive mating environment of small animals (bank voles) and increase in agriculture activities. Myodes galeorus shows high population rate during this time of agricultural activities and are a genetic variant prevalence for hantavirus in this region. However, the severity (or the fatality, the outcome) and the kind of disease or the infection involved mainly depends on several factors; The place infection take place The pathogenicity of the agents The genetic makeup (or the genetic predisposition of the host) Diversity of the agents [1] Geographical of the infection acquired Not all known rodent and insect hantaviruses cause disease in human [3] and the treatment for this dangerous hantavirus infection remains futile. The reasons for the variation of severity between virus species/genotypes and in individual patients are not yet known. Diverse determinants concerning virusand patient-specific characteristics may play a role in the pathogenesis. Differences in the use of entry receptors, in the regulation of cytokine response and in viral replication were described to be associated with pathogenicity [8-11]. Studies with genetic reassortants in vitro and in animal models suggest molecular determinants to be responsible for virulence [5, 12]. However, the speciesspecific factors of hantaviruses that are responsible for pathogenicity and clinical picture are not identified so far. Interestingly, the pathogenicity of related viruses of DOBV genotypes differs enormously with case fatality rates (CFRs) between 0.3%-0.9% for DOBV genotype Kurkino and 14.5% for DOBV genotype Sochi [13]. In addition to severe courses that are linked to specific virus species or genotypes, several serious cases were reported for infection with PUUV that usually causes a milder form of hantavirus disease [14, 15]. These infections often involve extrarenal manifestations [16, 17]. From (Clinical characterization of two severe cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by hantaviruses Puumala and Dobrava-Belgrade genotype Sochi paper) Hantaviruses evolution Hantaviruses within the family bunyaviridae are different from other member viruses in the sense that they are roboviruses (ROdent-BOrne viruses) signifying that they are hosted by small animals which act as the host reservoirs (vector). Other bunyaviridae virus members are arborviruses (arthropod viruses) transmitted by arthropod to human [10-12] . the circulation of hantaviruses throughout the continent has been triggerd by a number of activities which account for from human movements to the events of the world. These activities also account for the evolution of hantaviruses. However, it is believed that hantaviruses co-evolved together with their reservoirs animal more than 10 million years ago. The genetic diversity of hantaviruses came about by genetic mutation on the genome of the virus producing quasispecies which happened through deletions or insertion of new nucleotides. It is further, shown that the genetic diversity came about by reasortments of the same two viruses genome within the host and by the homologous recombination of the viruses with each other [12-14]. Evolution of hantavirus in the host (rodents) depends on the number of factors which greatly help them to thrive as they live within the host rodents or insects these factors include: the destict environment which act as a life supporting of rodent, there events that are believed to contribute to the evolvement of different kind of rodents, such as glaciations events.   Deglaciation events triggered the movements of rodents in the northern hemisphere southern hemisphere as the small animals migrated from one place to the other caused mutation to occurred in the host themselves and equally in the strain producing distinct kind of hantaviruses in the end causing permanent genetic variations in the population of the hantaviruses. Needless to say, human do not act as the host range of hantaviruses instead they are dead-end point of hantaviruses. Thereafter, hantaviruses do not evolve after inf ecting human vectors, its either they die together with the an infected body or they are wiped off from the human body.[11] Symptoms PUUV -circulating in Northern and Central Europe, Baltics, the part of Russia Europe and the Alpe- Adrian region; High fever Back pain Renal impairment DOBV- mostly circulating in Balkan countries and Alped-Adrian region has the following symptoms Severe illness Hemorrhage High fever Acute renal failure Dialysis may be required Fatality rate reaches 10% PUUV -circulating in Northern and Central Europe, Baltics, the part of Russia Europe and the Alpe- Adrian region; High fever Back pain Renal impairment Structure (morphology) The new era of elucidating the etiological agent of human disease hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), emerged when the strain of puumala virus was isolated from the Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) in Europe 199.., and the discovery of the four canners hantavirus in USA 1996. However, thanks to the famous and prolonged scientific work of Lee at el who isolated the first agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever, hantaan virus, from the autopsy lungs of striped field mice (apodemus agrarius) in 1978 after two decades of work [15]. Hantaviruses virion is lipid enveloped, covered and protected by polymorphic protein membrane nucleoprotein. The virion of hantavirus species are spherical shaped 80-110 nm in diameter [16-19]. Tripartite segmented negative-sense single stranded RNA genome comprising small (S), medium (M) and large (L) [20-22]. Small (S)-segment is the smallest segment and encodes for the nucleoprotein of 1821-1830 nucleotides the protein have 433 amino acids (aa) [22-2 4]. Medium (M)-segment encodes for the glycoprotein, large (L)-segment encodes for the RNA dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp), of 3682 nt the glycoprotein precursor which covers the medium segment has 1148 amino acid, RdRp have 2156 aa, respectively [22-24] [6-10]. Furthermore, the small (S) segment however, has further an overlapping open reading frame (ORF) with a putative NSs protein of 90 aa [16, 20, 22, 24, 25] The lipid envelope bounded with viral glycoproteins covers nucleocapsids and RNA dependent RNA-polymerase.   Transmission The transmission of hantaviruses is done horizontally in specific human become affected by inhalation contaminated air, smelling of excreta of infected rodents and by direct contact with infected rodents. This can be realized through different situations: first domestication situation were an infected rodent happen to be in the house and leave some excreta, when in habitant come into contact with these materials they become infected, secondly through camping and agriculture this kind of situation amount to 70% of all kind of situation where people become infected. Natural reservoir Puumala virus is known to be harbored by the wild small animal called bank vole, myodes glareolus, DOBV, yellow field mouse; apodemus flavicollis, HTNV and a SAAV striped field mouse, apodemus agrarius (koreae and agrarius, respectively). SOCHV caused by black sea mouse, Apodemus ponticus; ASV Korean mouse field, apodemus penisulae; SEOV Norway rats, rattus norvegicus [3, 8] Hantavirus history Within a century modern world renascence between 1900 and 2000 the world witnessed the two major outbreak of diseases designated hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, sometimes referred to nephropathia epidenmica and cardiopulmonary syndrome all presumably caused by small animal rodents. The outbreak caused global human health threat before its agents where properly defined. It became an emerging potential human biological weapon disease because of its mass infections and its anthropoid vector which lead to the virus to thrive in its host reservoirs, without showing any sign of infection. The health hazardous outbreak led to the discovery of hantaviruses worldwide later categorized into two old and new world hantaviruses. Needless, to claim that hantaviruses evolutionarised only between this period, the signs and symptoms of these etiological agents disease in human hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome where long ago described noticed and can be seen in Chinese literature of 10th century and the Russian archives show the description of the disease as early as 1913 in Vladivastok. Lee et al, while working on the early reported severe or mild form of hemorrhagic fever, isolated the etiological agent believed to have induced high fever called Korean hemorrhagic fever near Hantaan River, Korea in 1978. The initial isolation of the agent of KHF led to the designating name hantavirus derived from the hantaan river the place where it was discovered. The highly published anticipated discovery of 1978 proved the earlier noticed hemorrhagic fever in 1951-1953 and gave the new era in the understanding of etiological agents human disease, HFRS and HPS in the world of health hazardous biological weapon. Needless, to say more than 3000 UN soldiers were diagnosed with high fever in the course of Korean War which lasted for 3- 4 years from 1951-53. Throughout, decades of research these zoonosis viruses were not well known However, afte r thorough research, until late 1981 the virus was known to have its own clade and belonged to bunyaviridae family, unlike other viruses hantaviruses research revealed that they did not have arthropod vector, hence they formed their own genus of hantavirus in the family bunyavidae and they exclusively maintained their residing reservoir rodents. Hence the new zoonotic Hantavirus emerged and was restricted to the old world viruses. This was proved wrong in 1993, the world experienced the outbreak of hantaviruses related diseases which triggered the malfunction of the respiratory system, high fever and severe heart damage in the unfortunate patients infected with hantaviruses. This lead to the conviction of world researchers that hantaviruses are actively circulating in the region earlier than there isolation in 1993, in the four corners of the Americas. Seoul virus transmitted by rat-borne mouse in Asia was described, an etiological agent specie of hantavirus causing HFRS in 1980 after the description of hantaan virus from striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) which started in 1976. This pioneered discovery came after a carefully long research and isolating the virus from the rat-borne mouse captured in the demilitarized battle field of Korea. The etiological agent of nephropaphia epidemical characterized in Europe was termed puumala virus, isolated from a bank vole striped field mouse initially called clethrionomys glareolus and later renamed myodes glareolus. 25 years later, the etiological agent of human disease hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, Hantaan virus was identified from†¦..after the four corner outbreak in the united state in 1993 and this led to the discovery of another hantavirus specie called no name virus later renamed Sin Nombre virus. It is estimated that there hantavirus cases yearly go beyond 1500000 gl obally, with almost half of these cases occurs in the peoples republic of china. Since the definition of hantaviruses more than 22 species of hantaviruses known to be pathogen in humans have been clearly categorized and accepted by the international Committee of Virus Taxonomy. With the suspicions of been engineered spread the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) warn of hantaviruses to be possible potential biological weapons. The world health organization   in 1983 initiated the use of HFRS to represent all etiological symptomatic diseases believed to cause HFRS restricted in the Eurasia later called old world. Mostly, HFRS displayed symptoms such as chills, headache, high fever, generalized myalgia, back and abdominal pain and hemorrhagic presentation. Because of its epidemiological and worldwide distribution, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome initially had several names before 1983. Most terms used were epidemic hemorrhagic fever, Korean hemorrhagic fever and the alike symptomatic disease was called nephropathia epidemica in china, Korea and (USSR, Scandinavia and Europe) respectively. Hantaviruses clinical presentation Normally incubation of Hantaviruses human infection takes 2 to 3 weeks. The results of infection are the two distinct severe or mild forms of diseases: hemorrhagic renal with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Eurasian countries and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the American Countries. HFRS and Nephropaphia Epidemical are the severe form of hemorrhagic fever developed when infected with Euraisan kinds of Hantaviruses, patients present kidney failure, high fever, and internal bleeding as the main symptoms which results to the death of the patient[7]. Apart from kidney failure and high fever, affected humans present symptoms which include chills, vomiting, headache, dizziness, nausea, non-productive cough, gastrointestinal symptoms. A half percent of the patients display prolonged diarrhea, malaise and lightheadness, other presentations include back pain, arthralgias, abdominal pain, and shortness of breath, tachiypnea, tachycardia and fever. However, the main cause of death is the develo pment of disseminated intravascular congulation and internal bleeding. Table 1.   Clinical manifestation of Hemorrhagic Fever with renal syndrome [HemorrhagicFeverwithRenalSyndrome:PathogenesisandClinicalPicture Hong Jiang 1, HongDu1, LiM.Wang2, PingZ.Wang1* and XueF.Bai 1*] Incubation period takes 2-3 weeks HFRS Phase 1. Febrile Hemorrhage Flushing Headache Conjuctival injection Backache Albuminuria Azotema Present of antibodies IgM Eye pain Platelet decreased Petechial rash Immune complexes Fever Flushing Chills Conjuctival injection Myalgia Albuminuria Malaise Present of antibodies IgM Phase 2. Hypotension Kinin Complement activation Nausea Disseminated intrascular congulation Vomiting Vascular leakage Bleeding Acute shock Phase 3. Oliquric Disseminated intrasecular congulation (DI) Hypervolemia Kidney failure Pneumonia Phase 4. Diuretic Improved renal function Pulmonary complication Shock Death or improvement Phase 5. Convalescent Recovery period Table 2. Bunyavidae family classifications Common Reservoir Host Genus Common Species Country endemic Animal vertebrate bunyavirus Bunyamwera virus La Crosse virus Tahyna virus Akabane virus Oropouche virus Animal vertebrate Hantavirus Hantaan virus Sin Nombre virus Andes virus Puumala, Dobrava Americas Eurasia Animal vertebrate Nairovirus Dugbe virus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Nairobi sheep disease virus Eurasia, Africa Animal vertebrate Phlebovirus Rift Valley fever virus Rift Valley fever virus Sandly fever-Sicilian virus Plants Tospovirus Tomato spotted wilt virus Tomato spotted wilt virus Table 3: Hantaviruses genus classification Virus(serotype) Endemic area and reservoir distribution Disease Rodent vector Mortality (%) Puumala (PUUV) Eurasia (Old World) HFRS/NE Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) 0.1-1 Dobrava-Belgrade (DOBV) South and East Europe, Balkan countries and the middle East (Old World) HFRS Yellow naked-mouse (Apodemus flavicollis) 9-12 Dobrava (DOBV) Central, East and north of Europe (Old World) HFRS Striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) Low Hantaan (HTN) Central, East and north of Europe, Eastern Russia,Tien Shan Mtns Caucasian,   China, north and south Korea (Old World) HFRS Striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) 10-15 Seoul (SEOV) World Wide (Old World) HFRS Rattus norvegicus and rattus 3-15 Tula (TUL) Europe (Old World) HFRS/? Microtus arvalis Low Amur Eastern Russia, Eastern Asia and Siberia (Old World) HFRS Korean field mouse (Apodemus peninsula) Low Andes (ANDV) South America (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile) (New World) HPS Oligoryzomys longicaudatus 35-56 Sin Nombre (SN) USA, Canada (New World) HPS Peromyscus maniculatus grassland 40-60 Prospect Hill(PH) (New World) USA, Canada HPS/? Mricrotus pennsylvanicus (Meadow vole) New York (NY) (New World) USA, Canada HPS Peromyscus   leucopus low Khabarosk (KHB) Russia , Asia (Old World) HFRS/? Microtus fortis (reed vole) low Thottapalayam (TPM) India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China, Japan (Old World) HFRS/? Suncus murinus (musk shrew) Monongahela USA, Mexico, Canada (New World) HPS Peromyscus maniculatus (Deer mouse) low Black Creen Canal (BCCV) USA, Venesuala, Peru, (New World) HPS Sigmodon hispidus low Bayou   (BAYV) USA (Louisiana), (New World) HPS Oryzomys palustris Sigmodontinae (Rice rat) low Araraquara (ARAV) South America (Brazil) (New World) HPS Bolomys lasiurus low Muleshoe USA (New World) HPS Sigmodon hispidus Low Lechiguanas South America (Argentina), Brazil

Essay --

Anwar el-Sadat tried to change the Arab world by making peace with his adversaries, the Israelis. Born in the poor peasant village of Mit Abdul-Kum, Anwar el-Sadat grew up appreciating the rare opportunities he was given. From an early age, Sadat was exposed to the difference between the rich and the poor peasants like him. After graduating from the University of London, Sadat ultimately failed in his acting career, so he joined the army. As a young boy, he was very nationalistic, believing in the strong history of the Egyptian people. He despised the fact that the British, and not the Egyptians were ruling Egypt. Feeling frustrated with this fact, Sadat created a revolutionary organization with fellow soldiers in his unit. One of these soldiers, Abdel Nasser, is credited with forming the Free Officer’s association, but Sadat played an integral role in laying the groundwork for the revolutionary organization. Despite the fact that Islamic Fundamentalists view Anwar el-Sadat as a traitor, he was a brave and successful revolutionary in his peace negotiations with Israel, resulting in the historic Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty. During the summer of 1941, Sadat and his military troops planned to takeover the government and exile the British. His military troops arranged to meet at the Mena House Hotel, but to Sadat’s disappointment, his unit was the only one to show up, leaving his first attempt at expelling the British unsuccessful. The fact that his first revolutionary attempt was ultimately a failure benefited Sadat in the long run because he never alerted the authorities of his anti-British behavior. Aware of Sadat’s attempt at a revolution, he was recruited by the Free Officers to help al-Masri fly to Iraq. Sadat was successful in ... ...ife for the cause of peace with Israel, Sadat dared to do the impossible and succeeded. Since the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty was signed in 1978, there have been no wars between Egypt and Israel. From the beginning of his presidency in 1970 to the end of his presidency in 1981 Sadat always had peace on his mind. Throughout his life Sadat participated in the British expulsion from Egypt, the regaining of land lost in the War of 1967, Soviet expulsion from Egypt, becoming the first Arab leader to ask and receive help from the United States, the first Arab leader to travel to Israel and address the Knesset, and the first Arab leader willing to and successfully make peace with Israel. Breaking down a psychological barrier, with the assistance of President Carter and Prime Minister Menachem Begin, Anwar Sadat accomplished his revolutionary idea of Egyptian-Israeli peace.

Caedmon Essay

Karolay Olaya The Ecclesiastical Essay English IV 27 September 2012 How does Caedmon qualify as histoy: Caedmon's story qualify as history because his amazing poetry and verses changed how we see and express christianity. Have you ever felt like you don't fit in for a reason? Well Caedmon was like that. He was a stable-hand at the monastery of Whitby in the seventh century. The Anglo-saxons loved singing; indeed, it was very common for men to gather for an evening and share tales through a song.Everyone was expected to contribute. Caedmon; however, he would slip away because he was either too shy to sing or he just didn't have nothing to share. According to the church historian Bede, who was born about seven years before Caedmon died, Caedmon slipped out of the hall one night to tend the animals while the others sang. Afterward, he fell asleep. A man spoke to him in a vision, saying, â€Å"Caedmon, sing me something. Caedmon replied that he could not sing. That was why he was out he re, not in the hall. â€Å"Yet you could sing,† said the man, and suggested Caedmon sing â€Å"the beginning of all things. † In his dream, Caedmon began to sing his great Hymn of Creation, â€Å"Now let us praise the guardian of the heavenly kingdom, the power of the Creator and the counsel of His mind, the works of the Father of glory: how He, the eternal Lord, originated every marvel†.When Caedmon awoke, he found he remembered the verses perfectly and was able to sing them. The monks were convinced he had been given a gift by God. Whitby's famous abbess, Hild (Hilda) convinced Caedmon to become a monk. His songs and poetry changed Christianity today because now people sing and praise to the lord through music which is an amazing to do and everything because of Caedmon.

The Negotiation Process

The Negotiation Process Conflicts are a constant reality in our society and the effective resolution of the same may spell the difference between a successful and failed society. It is therefore imperative that the people involved in the conflict resolve the contentious issues constructively.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Negotiation Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Key to the constructive resolution of conflicts is the use of negotiation tactics and strategies. This is because a deeper understanding of negotiation results in people being properly equipped to diffuse conflicts for the good of all parties involved. Knowledge of the negotiation process is therefore vital for effective conflict resolution. In this paper, I shall set out to give a detailed description of the steps involved in the negotiation process Negotiation is defined as communication for the purpose of persuasion (Shamir, 2003; Goldberg, Sander Rogers, 1992 ). The negotiation process is therefore a process by which parties to a dispute discuss possible outcomes to their conflict with each other. The parties make proposals, demands and argue out until an acceptable solution is arrived at or a deadlock declared. For the negotiation process, the parties involved might choose to adopt one of the two major negotiating approaches: competition or collaboration. Competition is based on opposing interests and ends up in a win-lose scenario while collaborative is based on common interests therefore yielding to a win-win outcome. The first step in the negotiation process is to describe what it is that you want to negotiate. This is based on the concept that negotiation involves a conflict about particular resources. The participants will therefore identify if there is a situation that needs to be negotiated.Advertising Looking for report on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF L earn More Lack of an identifiable area of conflict invariably renders negotiations unnecessary. Having acknowledged the conflict, the negotiations can be deemed as being ready to begin. The process ideally begins by both parties presenting their issues which are mostly in the form of demands and goals to be met. The particular demands and goals for the parties involved may be well defined or vague and confusing. A goal is defined as a known or presumed commercial or personal interest of all or some of the parties to the negotiation and it is these goals that set the grounds for the negotiation process. From this an outline of expectations from the parties involved can be made and the agenda for the negotiation process outlined. Having established the basis for the negotiation, one can now delve deeper into the task. While the preliminary stage acted as ground for negotiation, the information on the issues at hand was only sparingly addressed. The second step involves a deepe r probing to enable both parties to understand each other better. As such, this step is characterized by the informational exchange between the parties involved in a bid to establish the real needs and goals. Each side aims at understanding the opponent, their limits and how far they are willing to compromise so as to reach a consensus. Use of open-ended questions and allowing the other party to correct your understanding of the issue are some of the best means of ensuring that a good understanding of the issues at hand is attained. Restatement of information leads to clarity and confirmation thus assuring that communication is effective. A key element in this step is to get as much information as is possible to enable the parties to come up with as many options as are possible. It is in this stage that a person can also gain a better appreciation of the other party’s point of view.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Negotiation Process specificall y for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will be hugely beneficial since once you are able to look at the conflict from the other person’s point of view, you can propose solutions that they would find appealing and therefore resolve the issue. Once it has been clearly established what each party wants, the next step involves trying to influence the other party to reach a concession that is beneficial to you. The principle reason for negotiating is to try and produce better results than you can obtain without negotiation (Shamir, 2003; Fisher et al., 1991). It should be noted that persuasion may be achieved in the competitive approach by resorting to threats or in the collaborative approach by the appealing to the principles or common interests of the other party. Regardless of whichever approach is adopted, the aim of persuasion is to make the opposition sympathetic to your perspective on the issue or coerce them to respond more favorably to you de mands. This step therefore involves making appeals to the opponent in a bid to come up with a favorable result. Concession trading which is the aim of good negotiation is the next stage in negotiating. Shamir (2003) defines consensus building as a decision and agreement reached by all the identified parties. In this process, each party is required to reduce their demands or aspirations so as to accommodate the other party. Through this process, unanimous agreement over the disputed issue(s) is reached. At the onset of the negotiating process, the parties involved are at loggerheads or in disagreement at the least. However, after working down the stages of the negotiation process, the parties involved are able to reach an agreement by compromising on the original goals and objectives. As such, each side makes some gains and possibly some loses. In the consensus building stage of negotiating, time plays a critical role. It is important that each party is given as much time as is neces sary to reach their decisions.Advertising Looking for report on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, deadlines are ideally not supposed to be imposed though this may not be practicable in most real life scenarios where time of essence. The reason for this is that applying of pressure may lead to a decision being taken that some may regret therefore leading to future conflicts. The agreements arrived at should be finalized and subsequently formalized since in as much as an agreement has been reached, that by itself does not guarantee that the implementation will proceed undeterred. Creation of methods of implementation and monitoring should be achieved. Shamir (2003) suggests that for significant issues, an agenda and timetable should be decided upon and the various issues which have been agreed outlined. A clear and detailed description of the steps to be taken to make sure that the formal agreement is implemented should also be made. As was stated at the onset of this paper, negotiation is one of the most productive means by which disputes can be successfully resolved. An understanding of the negotiating process greatly empowers a person in his/her negotiating undertakings. This paper set out to give a detailed outline of the key steps in the negotiation process. While the process described herein is basic and might have to be modified to be applicable to the specific disputes at hand, it provides a good framework for negotiation tasks. An understanding and proper implementation of these process will lead to greater success during negotiations. References Shamir, Y. (2003). Alternative Dispute Resolution Approaches and their Application. PCCP Publications.

When to Spell Out Numbers

When to Spell Out Numbers When to Spell Out Numbers When to Spell Out Numbers By Maeve Maddox Reader Pam points out a significant difference between technical writing and non-technical writing: On your 10 rules for numbers, rule #2 doesnt tell the whole story, especially for technical writers. Any numbers used with measurements (time, distance) must be expressed as figures in technical writing (8 months, 6-inch nails, 9 p.m.) With any kind of writing, context determines usage, and a style guide appropriate to the genre must be the writer’s final authority. Writing online, David A. McMurrey, author of Processes in Technical Writing (Macmillan 1988), has this to say about the use of numerals in technical writing: The main hurdle to overcome is to learn that in technical contexts, we use numerals in text, even ones below 10. In other words, we break the rules that are taught in regular writing courses and that are used in normal publishing and copyediting practice. Thats because in the technical and scientific context, we are vitally interested in numbers, statistical data, even if its a 2 or 5 or- yes- even a 0. He acknowledges the difficulty in defining the rules, and distinguishes between â€Å"important† and â€Å"unimportant† numbers. You should use numerals, not words, when the number is a key value, an exact measurement value, or both. For example, in the sentence Our computer backup system uses 4 mm tape the numeral is in order. He gives these examples in which the word is preferable to the numeral: There are four key elements that define a desktop publishing system. There are six data types in the C programming language. Like the general writer, the technical writer is advised against beginning a sentence with a numeral: write the number out or, better yet, rephrase the sentence so that it doesnt begin the sentence. McMurrey concludes his rules about the writing of numerals with a reminder of the importance of context: Apply these rules in specifically technical, scientific contexts only. Be sensitive to what the standard practices are in the context in which you are writing. Recommendations to spell or not to spell a number differ from style book to style book. Many, for example, advise spelling numbers 1-10 and using numerals for eleven and up. I don’t follow that rule because I don’t like the way 11 looks in a sentence. Here’s the Chicago Manual of Style’s General Rule about the use of numerals: In nontechnical contexts, the following are spelled out: whole numbers from one through one hundred, round numbers, and any number beginning a sentence. For other numbers, numerals are used. The CMOS then goes on to treat the numerous exceptions and special cases at length. Bottom line: When it comes to writing numbers as numerals or as words, consider context, and equip yourself with an appropriate style book for the work at hand. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartHow to Pronounce MobileSupervise vs. Monitor

Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding - Essay Example His suggestion is that the controversy could easily be solved if all people become careful with their definitions of the terms, he argues, â€Å"For how easy may it seem to give exact definitions of the terms employed in reasoning....† (17). He believes that, despite the differences in human beings, all human being has doctrines that they agree on from both fields of necessity and liberty. Hume examines the factors that define necessity and suggests that our ideas are based on the connections between certain determinations and events in life he states â€Å"Our idea, therefore, of necessity and causation arises entirely from the uniformity observable†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (72). These factors determine how we infer the ideas of necessary connections rather than from the direct observation of nature. The controversies experienced are a result of the laws that govern human nature. However, he believes that there are conjunctions between the actions of men that bring universality in principles and their operations. Debates concerning the compatibility of liberty and necessity have a long history. The debate concerns how the two can be reconciled basing on the fact the events surrounding human being human beings as being necessitated at the same time arguing that, at any situation, human beings can behave otherwise, therefore, promoting free will. Hume argues that if all human act s are being necessitated, then their reactions should also be necessitated. This implies that liberty and determinism have to work together which has never been the case. The results of this disagreement are incompatibility; the two can never be compatible. Hume, however, goes into the field of incompatibilist to try and prove them otherwise by arguing that there is a possibility of reconciling the two. His arguments as earlier stated lie on the definition of the terms.

Make a study guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Make a study guide - Essay Example Both have one thing in common –they are haunted by memories. The author has justified the stands of both the characters in story. His story clearly states that a person doesn’t turn evil on his own choice but he is forced to become so. At the same time, he also reveals the fact that circumstances can make a good human being do things which are not justified. As Antonio himself says â€Å"with a gun anyone could be a killer.Guns were very democratic instruments. They did not discriminate. With guns the weak became strong, the frightened brave. Anyone who held one became invincible.†(Tobar, pg. 269) Antonio used to live in Guatemala along with his family when one day his wife and infant son were killed by the leader of the death squad, Guillermo Longoria (the tattooed soldier). Antonio immigrates to L.A in the hope to lead a better life but to this despair he finds only poverty and homelessness in such a big city. During the 1980’s, the immigrants believed t hat L.A was a place where one could live safely with his family and be financially well off but the reality was entirely different. Antonio is treated as an illegal immigrant and there is no room of sympathy for him.

Innovation report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Innovation report - Essay Example It is a lesson from the module for the experiences through toughness that makes people have a feeling that the level of innovation transpires to make it feasible (Hisrich & Kearney 23). As stated above, the last year has presented a comprehensive pathway for experiencing new things as well as learning plenty through practicality. Most of us believed they had perfect plans leading to their success prior joining the class. However, my group’s belief was gradually broadened and the feasibility planning is a critical tool in achieving success through the experiences of practical feasibility through the creation of products. The other essential skill that will facilitate my growth in the future is that of team management. Our module allows learners to work within groups towards get innovative products. There needed to have an understanding of the capacities of group members as well as having ultimate forces in adjusting with each member in making the innovation successful Interacting and working in such groups is tough (Hisrich & Kearney 72). The company we formed was composed of three equal partners who were leaders and managers. We appreciated that leaders are people who do the right things while managers do things the right way. In doing right things and making things right, the group had equal responsibilities as managers and leaders. The main hindrance was time management for group activities. I feel that the group members and me could have achieved even more in terms of succeeding the products and the company in the event that we properly and usefully managed our time. I recall that there is no amount of money that can buy time back (Hisrich & Kearney 28). This understanding and the group’s improper management of time taught great lessons as well as the methodology of deciding the future using ideal time management skills. The group had a long-term goal for the company and our

A Study in Sociology Essay Example for Free

A Study in Sociology Essay Suicide always fascinated academic researches for a long time however it is has been an area of study limited to the field of psychology. Sociology is a relatively new field of social sciences. It started looking into suicide, not just as a personal act, but as a social action which is not entirely divorced from social forces. This paper discusses pertinent studies on the phenomenon of suicide and seeks to present literatures concerning this act. Moreover, differing ideas and interpretations on suicide are presented to carefully elaborate different perspectives on the subject matter. A Study in Sociology Arguably the first person to connect suicide to the study of sociology is sociologist Emile Durkheim. He presented that although suicide is a personal choice of the individual, the act is not separated from the context of a society. He looked into pre-existing records and analyzed suicide trends in different societies. Based on these suicide trends, there are four classifications of suicide: 1) Egoistic; 2) Altruistic; 3) Anomic and; 4) Fatalistic. Social cohesion plays a vital role in Durkheim’s theories on suicide. Egoistic suicide occurs when a person has a relatively low degree of integration into a society. On the other hand, a high degree of integration into a society can also result in suicides that are meant for a higher cause within a society. He also argued that changes in social order and the individual’s perception towards social change would explain anomic suicides. The phenomenon of fatalism takes place in extreme social contexts, where a person would decide on killing himself rather than suffering dire social conditions (Durkheim, 1951). Self and Society From an object of study limited to psychology, suicide became a subject of sociology. Durkheim’s research proved that the traditional perspective that view the subject matter as a psychological behavior and entirely individualistic in nature is a constricted framework when looking into suicide. This implies that social structures, social forces as well as social conflicts and changes are intervening factors in a suicide phenomenon. C. Wright Mills (2000) supported that one cannot separate behaviors and actions of an individual from the larger social context. He wrote that â€Å"the personal troubles of the milieu are connected to the public issues of social structure. † The individual committing suicide must therefore be located in his social as well as historical contexts. Current Trends on Suicide Studies After Mills and Durkheim laid the foundations of suicide as a sociological subject, numerous studies concerning suicide have been conducted in both psychology and sociology. Currently, suicide studies are interconnected with other factors such as gender, poverty, small arms, mental disorders and even medicine. It is now linked to modernity (Baudelot and Establet, 2008), attitudes and experiences of oncology patients (Emanuel, Fairclough, Daniels Clarridge, 1996), a demographic-specific trend such as adolescents (Brent, et. al. , 1988), cultural forces (West, 2005), economic conditions (Ruhm, 2000), as well as access to weapons (Brent, et. al. 1991). Suicide and Modernity Baudelot and Establet (2008) worked with Durkheim’s premises in their study of suicide. They stated that â€Å"The link between suicide, affluence and individualism is more complex—suicide rates do reflect broad social trends but they are also influenced by the structural position and lived experience of small social groups. The notion of social well-being is demonstrated to be a key factor in changes in suicide rates. † While sociology itself cannot accurately predict a suicide case, the collective gathering of these cases provides a fertile ground for sociological interpretations. Modernity is a historical as well as social era where social changes occur and these cases of suicide are descriptive of their milieu. Suicide, seen as such in the context of modernity, is a social fact. It describes the changes that occurred during the time of modernity. Societies that are rigid in its goals during the time of modernity are those that adamantly pursued modernization. It is in this context that suicide rates are known to be higher in the Communist Bloc, China and India (Baudelot and Establet, 2008). Economics and Suicide While both affluent and starving groups of individuals commit suicide, the role of economics cannot be downplayed in the study of suicide. On the macro-economic level, the period of modernity prominently features suicide trends in a time where economies were vibrant and booming. On the other hand, a stagnating economy, such as in a recession, also has an effect on suicide. Ruhm (2000) argues that â€Å"unemployment is negatively correlated to mortality and that unemployment is positively correlated to suicide. † In Japan, suicide is seen in a cultural context. Since individuals in the Japanese society are strongly connected to their social, political and cultural spheres, there is tendency for the push and pull of altruistic-egoistic suicide to occur. This is seen when the rule of law in Japanese society permeates the personal sphere such that debts and divorces are major factors affecting suicide (West, 2005). Suicide and Norms Sociology also attempted to explain suicide in a broader sense—by zooming out of the individual and focusing on social factors that affect the phenomenon. Psychology argues that those committing suicide are psychologically ill or that the individuals committing them are inept in their coping mechanisms. While suicide might seem irrational, there are rational premises that are least likely explored. Societies that are relatively more tolerant of suicide, as well as the individual’s cognitive ability to rationalize the act are also extraordinary factors contributing to suicide trends. Rendering rational suicide normative in a society creates the positive feedback mechanism necessary for a rational suicide to occur. This type of suicide is also surprisingly limited to a specific demographic, namely the educated and successful. Rationality of Suicide One of the fundamental question relating suicide and society lies in the rationality of the act. Is the act ‘rational’ based only on the perceptions and actions of the individual, thereby rendering the act an exclusive study within psychology? Or is this rationality of the act itself being defined not only in terms of the individual’s values but a rationality that is predetermined by the values and norms of a society? Although there are many reasons for suicide, there are factors that least likely determine suicidal trends, but are potent social forces (i. e. education, family, religion) that must be considered. Suicide occurs for a number of reasons such as depression, substance abuse, shame, avoiding pain, financial difficulties or other undesirable fates. † Defying the commonplace definition is the concept of rational suicide. Rational suicide is â€Å"ending ones life out of a conviction that one has lived long enough, that the likely future holds more pain than joy† (Lerner, 2004). Surprisingly, rationality of a suicide act Keown (1995) showed that there is prime value placed on the moral intention behind the act of death itself. This applies not just in euthanasia but also in rational suicide. What are the intentions behind the suicide? Is the decision independent of life’s problems that can be solved? Is it free from outside pressure from a belief system, mores or culture itself? This is the litmus test of the rationality or irrationality of suicides. Sociological and psychological studies attempted to look into the duality of forces working on suicides—individual and social. It is arguably psycho-social factors that are deterministic of the suicide trends across societies. Social institutions, many sociological studies posit, are playing a huge role in the nature and type of suicides in a given society. Stack and Kposowa (2008) concludes that: â€Å"National suicide rates are predictive of individual-level suicide acceptability. However, the main predictors of suicide acceptability included a measure from social learning theory, religiosity, and a neglected measure of control theory, life satisfaction. † While the act of committing suicide is a very individualistic act, there are factors to be considered that are social forces with repercussions and influences on individual action. The act of suicide presents how the personal milieu is linked to the larger issues within the social institutions. References: Baudelot C. and Establet R. (2008) Suicide: The Hidden Side of Modernity. John Wiley Publications. Brent, D. A. , Perper, J. A. , Goldstein, C. E. , Kolko, D. J. , Allan, M. J. , Allman, C. J. , and Zelenak, J. P. (1988) Risk factors for adolescent suicide. A comparison of adolescent suicide victims with suicidal inpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry. Vol. 45, No. 6, June 1988.